What are antibiotics? Instructions on using antibiotics xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái some cases xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái Vietnam

Hello, Lawnet would like to answer as follows:

1. What are antibiotics?

According to xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái Instructions for use of antibiotics issued together withDecision 708/QD-BYT, xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái definition of antibiotics is as follows:

Antibiotics are a special group of drugs because their use not only affects the patient but also the community. For developing countries like Vietnam, this is an important group of drugs because infectious diseases are among the leading diseases xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái terms of both morbidity and mortality.

xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái spread of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains is xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái most urgent problem today. xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái emergence of resistant bacterial strains affects treatment effectiveness and patient health. Limiting xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái task not only of xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái health sector but of xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái entire community to protect this group of drugs.

Antibiotics are defined:

“Antibiotics are antibacterial substances produced by strains of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, Actinomycetes), which inhibit xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái growth of other microorganisms.

Currently, xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái word antibiotics is extended to include antibacterial agents of synthetic origin such as sulfonamides and quinolones.

To ensure reasonable use of drugs, it is necessary to master knowledge related to antibiotics, pathogenic bacteria and patients.

Antibiotic groups are arranged according to chemical structure. According to this classification, antibiotics are divided into xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái following groups:

TT	Group name	Grouping
1	Beta-lactam	Penicillins
		Cephalosporins
		Other beta-lactams Carbapenem Monobactam
		Beta-lactamase inhibitors
2	Aminoglycoside
3	Macrolides
4	Lincosamide
5	Phenicol
6	Tetracycline	Generation 1
		Generation 2
7	Peptides	Glycopeptide
		Polypeptide
		Lipopeptide
8	Quinolone	Generation 1
		Fluoroquinolones: Generation 2, 3, 4
9	Other groups of antibiotics
	Sulfonamide
	Oxazolidinone
	5-nitroimidazole

Classification of antibiotics according to chemical structure

What are antibiotics?

Antibiotics are drugs that kill or inhibit xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái growth of bacteria, thereby reducing xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái inflammatory response caused by bacteria. Antibiotics are an effective tool for treating bacteria when used carefully and safely.

Antibiotics are often prescribed by doctors to treat inflammatory diseases caused by bacteria:

- Sinusitis, otitis media,... caused by bacteria

- Meningitis

- Tooth infection

- Respiratory tract infections

- Urinary tract infections

- Skin and soft tissue infections

- Sepsis

2. Instructions for using antibiotics xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái some cases xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái Vietnam

2.1 Boils (skin and soft tissue infections)

(1) Definition

Furuncle is an acute inflammatory condition that causes necrosis of xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái hair follicles and surrounding tissue.

- The disease is common xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái the summer and is more common xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái men than women. All ages can get the disease, but the disease is more common xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái children.

(2) Cause

- The cause of the disease is Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Normally, this bacteria lives parasitically on the skin, especially hair follicles xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái folds such as nasolabial folds, inter-buttock grooves... or natural cavities such as nostrils. When hair follicles are damaged, combined with favorable conditions such as poor immunity, malnutrition, and patients with diabetes... bacteria grow and cause disease.

(3) Symptoms

a) Clinical

- The initial symptoms are small, red papules xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái the hair follicles that are swollen, firm, and red. After 2 to 3 days, the lesion spreads and turns into pus, forming an abscess xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái the middle and a pus sting. Pain is a common physical symptom, especially xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái the nose and ear lobes, sometimes causing children to cry a lot. Common locations are on the head, face, neck, back, buttocks, legs, and arms. The number of lesions may be small or large, accompanied by systemic symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and infectious syndrome.

- xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái disease can be cured but can last for many consecutive episodes.

- Complications of sepsis can occur, especially xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái malnourished patients. Boils xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái the upper lip and cheek areas can lead to cavernous sinus phlebitis and severe sepsis.

- Cluster boils, also known as cluster boils or cluster boils, are an acute bacterial infection of the skin consisting of a number of boils arranged xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái clusters. The disease often occurs xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái people who are malnourished, immunocompromised, or have chronic diseases such as diabetes, bronchial asthma, and tuberculosis.

- Diagnosis is mainly based on clinical findings. xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái the early stages, it is necessary to differentiate between folliculitis, disseminated skin herpes, acne, and purulent hidradenitis.

b) Paraclinical

- Increased white blood cells xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái peripheral blood.

- Increased blood sedimentation.

- Procalcitonin may increase, especially xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái patients with many lesions.

- Histopathological examination: Abscess xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái hair follicle; hair follicle structure is broken, xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái the middle is necrotic tissue, surrounded by many inflammatory cells, mainly neutrophils.

- Purulent culture showed xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái growth of Staphylococcus aureus.

(4) Antibiotic treatment

- Personal hygiene: Wash your hands regularly to avoid self-infection xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái other skin areas with Lifebuoy soap, Septivon, etc.

- xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái the early stages without pus: avoid squeezing or stimulating the lesion.

- Purulent stage requires a wide surgical incision to clean xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái lesion.

- Need to combine local treatment and systemic antibiotics.

- Antiseptic solution: Disinfect 2-4 times a day for 10–15 days. You can use one of xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái following disinfectant solutions:

+ Povidone-iodine 10%.

+ Hexamidin 0.1%.

+ Chlorhexidine 4%.

- Topical antibiotics: Apply xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái medicine to xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái lesion after disinfection; xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái treatment time is 7–10 days. Use one of xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái following medications:

+ 2% fucidic acid cream or ointment; apply 1-2 times a day.

+ Neomycin ointment; apply 2-3 times/day.

+ Silver sulfadiazine cream, 1%, apply 1-2 times/day.

+ Mupirocin 2% ointment, applied 3 times/day.

+ Erythromycin 1-2 times/day.

+ Clindamycin 1-2 times/day.

- Systemic antibiotics with one of xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái following antibiotics:

+ Penicillin M (cloxacillin) 2g/day.

+ Amoxicillin-clavulanate.

Children 80 mg/kg/day divided into 3 times.

Adults: 1.5-2 g/day divided into 2 times.

+ Roxithromycin 150mg tablets:

Children 5-8 mg/kg/day divided into 2 times.

Adults 2 tablets/day divided into 2 times.

+ Azithromycin 500 mg xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái first day, then 250 mg/day x 4 days.

+ Pristinamycin:

Children 50 mg/kg/day, divided into 2 times.

Adults 2-3 g/day, divided into 2 times.

+ Fucidic acid tablets 250 mg.

Children are dosed 30–50 mg/kg/day, divided into 2 times.

Adults 1-1.5 g/day, divided into 2 times.

+ Treatment time is 7 - 10 days.

(5) Disease prevention

- Clean personal hygiene: cut nails and wash hands daily.

- Avoid using products that cause skin irritation.

- Improve physical condition.

2.2 Diarrhea caused by bacteria (gastrointestinal infection)

(1) General

- Diarrhea caused by bacteria is a common disease of all ages and closely related to food hygiene and safety. Common clinical manifestations are: fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea several times a day.

- Severe diarrhea can cause dehydration or systemic infection, leading to death, especially xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái children and the elderly.

(2) Common causes

- Diarrhea caused by bacterial toxins: Vibrio cholerae, E. coli, Clostridium difficile, staphylococcus.

- Diarrhea caused by bacteria itself (invasive diarrhea): Shigella, Salmonella, E. coli, Campylobacter, Yersinia...

(3) Diagnosis

Based on clinical and laboratory testing.

a) Clinical: Manifestations vary depending on xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái cause of xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái disease.

- Vomiting and nausea.

- Frequent diarrhea: xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái nature of xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái stool depends on xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái cause of xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái disease:

+ Diarrhea caused by bacterial toxins: Stools have a lot of water and no white blood cells or red blood cells xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái the stool.

+ Diarrhea caused by bacterial invasion: Stools often contain mucus, sometimes blood.

- Whole body manifestations:

+ May or may not have a fever.

+ Intoxication: fatigue, headache, possible hypotension.

+ Dehydration.

b) Clinical features of some common causes:

- Diarrhea due to bacillary dysentery (dysentery syndrome): high fever, intermittent abdominal pain, tenesmus, and loose stools mixed with blood.

- Diarrhea due to cholera: Onset very quickly within 24 hours; diarrhea is severe and continuous 20-50 times/day, stools are watery like rice water, no fever, no tenesmus, no abdominal cramps.

- Diarrhea caused by staphylococcal toxins: short incubation period of 1-6 hours, nausea, vomiting, watery diarrhea, but no fever.

- Diarrhea caused by E. coli:

+ Diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC): loose stools without bloody mucus, no fever. xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái disease usually goes away on its own.

+ Diarrhea caused by E. coli (EIEC, EPEC, EHEC): fever, abdominal cramps, tenesmus, loose stools that may be mixed with bloody mucus (dysentery syndrome).

- Diarrhea caused by Salmonella: diarrhea, high fever, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

c) Testing:

- Blood formula: xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái number of white blood cells increases or decreases depending on xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái cause.

- Blood biochemical test: evaluate electrolyte disorders and accompanying kidney failure.

- Stool test:

+ Stool examination: Look for red blood cells, white blood cells, parasitic protozoa, fungi, parasite eggs...

+ Stool culture to find disease-causing bacteria.

(4) Treatment

4.1. Rule:

- Antibiotic treatment depends on xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái cause. It is necessary to predict xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái cause and treat it immediately. Adjust antibiotics if necessary after stool culture results are available.

- Assess dehydration and replace electrolytes.

- Symptomatic treatment.

4.2. Use antibiotics for infectious diarrhea due to some common causes:

Antibiotics are often effective xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái cases of invasive diarrhea.

- Often use oral antibiotics. Intravenous antibiotics are only used xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái severe cases of systemic infections.

- Antibiotic dosage here mainly applies to adults. For children, refer to "Guidelines for treating diarrhea xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái children" (Ministry of Health 2009).

a) Diarrhea caused by E. coli (ETEC, EHEC), Campylobacter, Yersinia, Salmonella, Vibrio spp.

- Preferred drugs: quinolone antibiotics (oral or infusion) x 5 days (people 12 years old):

+ Ciprofloxacin 0.5 g x 2 times/day.

+ or norfloxacin 0.4 gx 2 times/day.

- Alternative medicine:

+ Ceftriaxone intravenously (IV) 50–100 mg/kg/day x 5 days.

+ TMP-SMX 0.96g x 2 times/day x 5 days.

+ Doxycycline 100 mg x 2 times/day x 5 days.

b) Diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile

- Preferred drug: Metronidazole 250 mg (oral) every 6 hours x 7-10 days.

- Alternative medicine: Vancomycin 250 mg (oral) every 6 hours x 7-10 days.

c) Diarrhea caused by Shigella (bacillary dysentery)

- Preferred drug: Quinolone (oral or intravenous infusion) x 5 days (people 12 years old):

+ Ciprofloxacin 0.5 g x 2 times/day.

+ Or norfloxacin 0.4 gx 2 times/day.

- Alternative medicine:

+ Ceftriaxone (TM) 50–100 mg/kg/day x 5 days.

+ Or azithromycin (oral) 0.5 g/day x 3 days (priority for pregnant women) or azithromycin (oral) 10 mg/kg/day x 3 days (for children <12 years old).

d) Diarrhea caused by typhoid (Salmonella typhi, paratyphi)

- Preferred drug: Quinolone (oral or infusion) x 10–14 days (adults 12 years old):

+ Ciprofloxacin 0.5 g x 2 times/day.

+ Or norfloxacin 0.4 gx 2 times/day.

- Alternative medicine: Ceftriaxone (TM) 50–100 mg/kg/time x 1 time/day x 10–14 days.

e) Diarrhea caused by cholera bacteria

- Currently, cholera bacteria are resistant to common antibiotics; xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái current drugs of choice are:

- Quinolone group (oral) x 3 days (people 12 years old):

+ Ciprofloxacin 0.5 g x 2 times/day.

+ Or norfloxacin 0.4 gx 2 times/day.

Or azithromycin (oral) 0.5 g/day x 3 days (priority for pregnant women) or azithromycin (oral) 10 mg/kg/day x 3 days (for children <12 years old)

- Alternative medicine:

+ Erythromycin 1g/day orally divided into 4 times/day (children 40 mg/kg/day), used for 3 days.

+ Or doxycycline 300 mg single dose (used xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái case the bacteria are still sensitive).

4.3. Treat symptoms

a) Assess and treat dehydration

- Must immediately assess and promptly treat dehydration when the patient arrives at the hospital, xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái parallel with finding the cause of the disease.

+ Patients with grade I dehydration who can drink: rehydrate by mouth, using ORESOL solution.

+ Patients with grade II or higher dehydration who cannot drink: rehydrate intravenously. Solution of choice: Ringer Lactate or Ringer Acetate. Additionally, NaCl 0.9%, Glucose 5% at a ratio of 1:1.

b) Supportive treatment

- Reduces spasms: Spasmaverin.

- Firms xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái intestinal mucosa: dioctahedral smectite

- Do not abuse anti-diarrheal drugs such as loperamide.

(5) Disease prevention

- Enhance food hygiene and safety.

+ Eat cooked food and drink boiled water.

+ Wash your hands before eating and after going to xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái bathroom.

+ Improve water supply and drainage system.

- Preventive treatment when xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái epidemic areas.

(According to xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái Instructions for use of antibiotics issued together withDecision 708/QD-BYT )

Note: The information xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái the article is for reference only. Readers, please contact your doctor, pharmacist, or medical professional for the most specific and accurate advice.

Best regards!

Key word: bacteria | xem bóng đá trực tiếp nhà cái Vietnam | antibiotics |

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